CogBias

Attentional bias

The tendency of perception to be affected by recurring thoughts

RecallInertia

Bizarreness effect

Bizarre material is better remembered than common material

RecallBaseline

Boundary extension

Remembering the background of an image as being larger or more expansive than the foreground

RecallAssociation

Childhood amnesia

The retention of few memories from before the age of four

RecallAssociation

Choice-supportive bias

The tendency to remember one's choices as better than they actually were

RecallOutcome

Consistency bias

Incorrectly remembering one's past attitudes and behaviour as resembling present attitudes and behaviour

RecallAssociation

Continued influence effect

Misinformation continues to influence memory and reasoning about an event, despite the misinformation having been corrected. cf. misinformation effect, where the original memory is affected by incorrect information received later

RecallInertia

Contrast effect

The enhancement or reduction of a certain stimulus's perception when compared with a recently observed, contrasting object

RecallAssociation

Cross-race effect

The tendency for people of one race to have difficulty identifying members of a race other than their own

RecallSelf-Perspective

Cryptomnesia

Where a memory is mistaken for novel thought or imagination, because there is no subjective experience of it being a memory

RecallAssociation

Cue-dependent forgetting

Context effect: That cognition and memory are dependent on context, such that out-of-context memories are more difficult to retrieve than in-context memories (e.g., recall time and accuracy for a work-related memory will be lower at home, and vice versa)

RecallAssociation

Declinism

The predisposition to view the past favorably ( rosy retrospection ) and the future unfavorably

RecallOutcome

Duration neglect

The neglect of the duration of an episode in determining its value

RecallAssociation

Euphoric recall

The tendency of people to remember past experiences favorably while overlooking bad experiences associated with them

RecallOutcome

Fading affect bias

A bias in which the emotion associated with unpleasant memories fades more quickly than the emotion associated with pleasant ones

RecallAssociation

False memory

Where imagination is mistaken for a memory

RecallAssociation

Frequency illusion

The frequency illusion is that once something has been noticed then every instance of that thing is noticed, leading to the belief it has a high frequency of occurrence (a form of selection bias ). The Baader–Meinhof phenomenon is the illusion where something that has recently come to one's attention suddenly seems to appear with improbable frequency shortly afterwards. It was named after an incidence of frequency illusion in which the Baader–Meinhof Group was mentioned

RecallBaseline

Gender differences in eyewitness memory

The tendency for a witness to remember more details about someone of the same gender

RecallSelf-Perspective

Generation effect

That self-generated information is remembered best. For instance, people are better able to recall memories of statements that they have generated than similar statements generated by others

RecallSelf-Perspective

Google effect

The tendency to forget information that can be found readily online by using Internet search engines

RecallAssociation

Hindsight bias

The tendency, after an outcome is known, to see it as having been more obvious or predictable than it actually was beforehand.

RecallOutcomePostmortems & learningForecasting & planning

Humor effect

That humorous items are more easily remembered than non-humorous ones, which might be explained by the distinctiveness of humor, the increased cognitive processing time to understand the humor, or the emotional arousal caused by the humor

RecallAssociation

Implicit association

Where the speed with which people can match words depends on how closely they are associated

RecallAssociation

Lag effect

The phenomenon whereby learning is greater when studying is spread out over time, as opposed to studying the same amount of time in a single session. See also spacing effect

RecallAssociation

Leveling and sharpening

Memory distortions introduced by the loss of details in a recollection over time, often concurrent with sharpening or selective recollection of certain details that take on exaggerated significance in relation to the details or aspects of the experience lost through leveling. Both biases may be reinforced over time, and by repeated recollection or re-telling of a memory

RecallAssociation

Levels-of-processing effect

That different methods of encoding information into memory have different levels of effectiveness

RecallAssociation

List-length effect

A smaller percentage of items are remembered in a longer list, but as the length of the list increases, the absolute number of items remembered increases as well

RecallBaseline

Memory inhibition

Being shown some items from a list makes it harder to retrieve the other items (e.g., Slamecka, 1968)

RecallAssociation

Misinformation effect

Memory becoming less accurate because of interference from post-event information . cf. continued influence effect, where misinformation about an event, despite later being corrected, continues to influence memory about the event

RecallAssociation

Modality effect

That memory recall is higher for the last items of a list when the list items were received via speech than when they were received through writing

RecallAssociation

Mood-congruent memory bias

The improved recall of information congruent with one's current mood

RecallAssociation

Negativity bias

The tendency to give bad news, threats, criticism, and losses more psychological weight than equally sized positives.

Opinion ReportingRecallAssociationBaselineMedia & politicsTeams & management

Next-in-line effect

When taking turns speaking in a group using a predetermined order (e.g. going clockwise around a room, taking numbers, etc.) people tend to have diminished recall for the words of the person who spoke immediately before them

RecallAssociation

Part-list cueing effect

That being shown some items from a list and later retrieving one item causes it to become harder to retrieve the other items

RecallAssociation

Peak–end rule

That people seem to perceive not the sum of an experience but the average of how it was at its peak (e.g., pleasant or unpleasant) and how it ended

RecallAssociation

Perky effect

The Perky effect, where real images can influence imagined images, or be misremembered as imagined rather than real

RecallAssociation

Persistence

The unwanted recurrence of memories of a traumatic event

RecallAssociation

Picture superiority effect

The notion that concepts that are learned by viewing pictures are more easily and frequently recalled than are concepts that are learned by viewing their written word form counterparts

RecallAssociation

Placement bias

Tendency to remember ourselves to be better than others at tasks at which we rate ourselves above average (also Illusory superiority or Better-than-average effect ) and tendency to remember ourselves to be worse than others at tasks at which we rate ourselves below average (also Worse-than-average effect )

RecallSelf-Perspective

Positivity effect

Older adults' tendency to favor good over bad information in their memories. See also euphoric recall

RecallAssociation

Primacy effect

Where an item at the beginning of a list is more easily recalled. A form of serial position effect . See also recency effect and suffix effect

RecallBaseline

Processing difficulty effect

That information that takes longer to read and is thought about more (processed with more difficulty) is more easily remembered. See also levels-of-processing effect

RecallAssociation

Recency effect

A form of serial position effect where an item at the end of a list is easier to recall. This can be disrupted by the suffix effect . See also primacy effect

RecallBaseline

Recency illusion

The illusion that a phenomenon one has noticed only recently is itself recent. Often used to refer to linguistic phenomena; the illusion that a word or language usage that one has noticed only recently is an innovation when it is, in fact, long-established (see also frequency illusion ). Also recency bias is a cognitive bias that favors recent events over historic ones. A memory bias, recency bias gives "greater importance to the most recent event", such as the final lawyer's closing argument a jury hears before being dismissed to deliberate

RecallOutcome

Reminiscence bump

The recalling of more personal events from adolescence and early adulthood than personal events from other lifetime periods

RecallAssociation

Repetition blindness

Unexpected difficulty in remembering more than one instance of a visual sequence

RecallAssociation

Rosy retrospection

The remembering of the past as having been better than it really was

RecallOutcome

Self-relevance effect

That memories relating to the self are better recalled than similar information relating to others

RecallSelf-Perspective

Serial position effect

That items near the end of a sequence are the easiest to recall, followed by the items at the beginning of a sequence; items in the middle are the least likely to be remembered. See also recency effect, primacy effect and suffix effect

RecallBaseline

Social cryptomnesia

A failure by people and society in general to remember the origin of a change, in which people know that a change has occurred in society, but forget how this change occurred; that is, the steps that were taken to bring this change about, and who took these steps. This has led to reduced social credit towards the minorities who made major sacrifices that led to a change in societal values

RecallAssociation

Source confusion

Episodic memories are confused with other information, creating distorted memories

RecallAssociation

Spacing effect

That information is better recalled if exposure to it is repeated over a long span of time rather than a short one

RecallAssociation

Stereotype bias or stereotypical bias

Memory distorted towards stereotypes (e.g., racial or gender)

RecallInertia

Suffix effect

Diminishment of the recency effect because a sound item is appended to the list that the subject is not required to recall. A form of serial position effect . cf. recency effect and primacy effect

RecallAssociation

Suggestibility

Where ideas suggested by a questioner are mistaken for memory

RecallAssociation

Telescoping effect

The tendency to displace recent events backwards in time and remote events forward in time, so that recent events appear more remote, and remote events, more recent

RecallAssociation

Testing effect

The fact that one more easily recall information one has read by rewriting it instead of rereading it. Frequent testing of material that has been committed to memory improves memory recall

RecallAssociation

Tip of the tongue

Phenomenon: When a subject is able to recall parts of an item, or related information, but is frustratingly unable to recall the whole item. This is thought to be an instance of "blocking" where multiple similar memories are being recalled and interfere with each other

RecallAssociation

Verbatim effect

That the "gist" of what someone has said is better remembered than the verbatim wording. This is because memories are representations, not exact copies

RecallAssociation

Von Restorff effect

That an item that sticks out is more likely to be remembered than other items

RecallBaseline

Zeigarnik effect

That uncompleted or interrupted tasks are remembered better than completed ones

RecallAssociation